{"id":31050,"date":"2016-04-04T20:33:42","date_gmt":"2016-04-05T01:33:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/constitution\/article4.html"},"modified":"2024-08-01T15:06:43","modified_gmt":"2024-08-01T20:06:43","slug":"article4","status":"publish","type":"constitution","link":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4.html","title":{"rendered":"Article IV &#8211; Privileges of Citizenship, New States"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7  fl-block-columns fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles   fl-block-column fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><div\n    data-testid=\"fl-general-title\"\n    class=\"fl-general-title fl-flex fl-gap20 fl-items-end\"\n>\n    <div class=\"fl-general-title-heading fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n        <h1\n            class=\"fl-h1 fl-general-title-title fl-no-spacing\"\n            data-testid=\"fl-general-title-title\"\n        >\n            Article IV of the U.S. Constitution\n        <\/h1>\n        <p\n            class=\"fl-general-title-description fl-text-xl fl-no-margin\"\n            data-testid=\"fl-general-title-description\"\n        >\n            Full Faith and Credit, Privileges of Citizenship, New States\n        <\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/laura-temme-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Temme, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/joseph-fawbush-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Joseph Fawbush, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            August 01, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\" rel=\"noopener\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\" rel=\"noopener\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Article IV of the U.S. Constitution addresses several issues related to state citizenship, the relationship between states, and the admission of new states. It requires state governments to give &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation01.html\">full faith and credit<\/a>&#8221; to the laws of other states and decisions made by other state courts. The Framers borrowed this idea from the Constitution&#8217;s predecessor, the Articles of Confederation.<\/p>\n<p>Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution establish and enumerate the powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, respectively. Article IV does not involve a political branch. Instead, it binds the states to one another, thereby establishing a Union.<\/p>\n<p>This article describes Article IV of the Constitution. It begins with its historical background and development. Then, it walks through each of Article IV&#8217;s clauses, which include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation01.html\">The full faith and credit clause<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation13.html\">The privileges and immunities clause<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation15\">The fugitive slave clause<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The extradition clause<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>The statehood admission clause and territories clause<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation18\">The guarantee clause<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The links above provide more in-depth information about each of the clauses. Read them for more specific information about the individual clauses.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Historical Background<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>The American colonists knew all too well that life under an all-powerful central government was not ideal. So, it&#8217;s no surprise that they chose a form of government that avoided putting too much power in the hands of a single person.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/articles-of-confederation\" rel=\"noopener\">Articles of Confederation<\/a> created a &#8220;league of friendship&#8221; between the former colonies. States were independent sovereigns and had far more power than the central government.<\/p>\n<p>However, the Articles failed to provide an effective structure for the new nation. The nation was nearing collapse just a few years after the Articles took effect in 1781. Inflation soared. States fought over taxes, territory, and trade. And the federal government didn&#8217;t have enough power to stop any of it.<\/p>\n<p>In 1787, delegates gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. But, the <a href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1784-1800\/convention-and-ratification\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitutional Convention<\/a> soon realized that they needed to start over. After a summer of debates, the Framers produced the Constitution of the United States.<\/p>\n<p>The Constitution strengthened the federal government. It also tempered its power by <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article1\/annotation01.html\">dividing it between three branches<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>The legislative branch (Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate), addressed in <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article1.html\">Article I<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The executive branch (the president), outlined in <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2.html\">Article II<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The judicial branch (the Supreme Court), addressed in <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article3.html\">Article III<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Article IV outlines the relationship between state governments. This is known as &#8220;horizontal federalism.&#8221; Other parts of the Constitution, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment10.html\">Tenth Amendment<\/a>, address the relationship between the states and the federal government (&#8220;vertical federalism&#8221;).<\/p>\n<h2><b>The Full Faith and Credit Clause<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Article IV, Section 1 states:<\/p>\n<p><i>&#8220;Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The full faith and credit clause builds on the idea of <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/comity.html\" rel=\"noopener\">comity.<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Comity is the voluntary recognition of another jurisdiction&#8217;s laws and judicial decrees. But, the Framers decided they didn&#8217;t want to rely on comity alone to keep the peace between states. Article IV, Section 1 adds a constitutional obligation.<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/11\/481.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Mills v. Duryee<\/i><\/a> (1813), the Supreme Court interpreted Article IV to mean that one state cannot reopen a court case that another state has resolved.<\/p>\n<p>However, Article IV does not force one state to substitute another state&#8217;s law for its own. Where there is a conflict of laws, a state can choose to prioritize its own laws over those of a different state. In other words, a state may apply its own laws to a matter sitting in its own courts so long as there is some connection to the state, and it would not be unfair for it to apply its own laws.<\/p>\n<p>In recent decades, Article IV has been most influential in the context of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family.html\" rel=\"noopener\">family law<\/a>. For example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/domestic-violence\/federal-domestic-violence-legislation-the-violence-against-women.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Violence Against Women Act<\/a> (a federal law) invokes the full faith and credit clause to require states to honor orders for protection and child custody orders issued in different states.<\/p>\n<p>Before gay marriage was legalized nationwide, scholars grappled with the question of whether the full faith and credit clause required states that banned same-sex marriage to recognize marriages carried out in other states.<\/p>\n<p>In the mid-1990s, Congress attempted to legislate around this issue with the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). The Court struck down DOMA in <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/obergefell-v--hodges-case-summary-and-significance.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Obergefell v. Hodges<\/i><\/a> but relied on the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14.html\">Fourteenth Amendment&#8217;s<\/a> equal protection clause rather than the full faith and credit clause.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Privileges and Immunities<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 (the privileges and immunities clause) states:<\/p>\n<p><i>&#8220;The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation13.html\">Constitution&#8217;s privileges and immunities clause<\/a> requires state governments to treat residents and nonresidents equally by giving them the same\u00a0privileges and immunities. In other words, state law cannot favor its own citizens over citizens of other states.<\/p>\n<p>The phrase &#8220;privileges and immunities&#8221; appears again in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14.html\">Fourteenth Amendment<\/a>, which guaranteed <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation03.html\">due process<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation04.html\">equal protection under the laws<\/a> for all citizens after the Civil War.<\/p>\n<p>The privileges and immunities clause forbids states from discriminating against non-citizens or out-of-staters with respect to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights.html\" rel=\"noopener\">civil rights<\/a> they provide their own citizens. For example, Virginia cannot treat citizens from Georgia differently from the way it treats Virginians. In other words, whatever <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/civil-rights-basics.html\" rel=\"noopener\">civil rights one state provides its own citizens<\/a>, it must provide those same rights to out-of-staters.<\/p>\n<p>However, states don&#8217;t have to treat out-of-staters the same as their own citizens in every respect. The Supreme Court has ruled that the privileges and immunities clause does not prohibit a state from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/what-is-discrimination.html\" rel=\"noopener\">discriminating<\/a> against out-of-staters regarding political rights. Political rights include the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-do-i-protect-my-right-to-vote-\/what-are-voter-rights-.html\" rel=\"noopener\">right to vote<\/a> and to run for office, among others.<\/p>\n<p>States may also discriminate against out-of-staters regarding their use of state property. For example, a state can charge out-of-staters higher fees for specific licenses, like a hunting license. The theory behind this is that state citizens pay state taxes to support their state&#8217;s property and services.<\/p>\n<p>In summary, the privileges and immunities clause requires states to treat out-of-staters the same as their own citizens with respect to fundamental rights. However, they can discriminate against out-of-staters regarding political rights and the use of state property.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Extradition<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Article IV, Section 2, Clause 2 (the extradition clause) states the following:<\/p>\n<p><i>&#8220;A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The extradition clause <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/extradition-law---state-to-state-extradition-process.html\" rel=\"noopener\">requires states to deliver criminals who fled a state<\/a> back to the state from which they fled prosecution.<\/p>\n<h2><b>The Fugitive Slave Clause<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3 states:<\/p>\n<p><i>&#8220;No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Known as the &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation15.html\">fugitive slave clause<\/a>,&#8221; this provision was proposed by delegates Pierce Butler and Charles Pickney from South Carolina. It is one of a handful of constitutional clauses that deal with slavery.<\/p>\n<p>Like the extradition clause, the fugitive slave clause is an interstate-comity provision. However, it has two significant differences:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>The extradition clause requires the state&#8217;s &#8220;executive Authority&#8221; to demand the person&#8217;s return. The fugitive slave clause provides that the person who purported themselves to be the slave&#8217;s &#8220;master&#8221; must demand the fugitive&#8217;s return.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The fugitive slave clause only applies to those &#8220;held to service or labor&#8221; (i.e., slaves). The extradition clause applies to anyone &#8220;charged&#8221; with treason, a felony, or other crime.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Interestingly, the fugitive slave clause does not use the word &#8220;slave.&#8221; The phrase &#8220;person held to service or labour&#8221; allowed delegates opposed to slavery to distance themselves from it. But, in practice, it did nothing to loosen slavery&#8217;s foothold in the United States.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Statehood Admission and Territories Clauses<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Article IV, Section 3 addresses how Congress can\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation16.html\">admit new states into the union<\/a>. It states the following:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<i>New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.<\/i>&#8220;<\/p>\n<p>Throughout the first century of American history, some of the most important controversies concerned the federal government&#8217;s power to admit new states. Just as controversial was Congress&#8217;s ability to legislate United States territories.<\/p>\n<p>One such controversy occurred when the United States jumped on an opportunity to double its physical size.<\/p>\n<p>In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte offered to sell the United States 530 million acres of land for $15 million. However, President Thomas Jefferson doubted whether adding the territory was constitutional. He thought that the acquisition was theoretically beyond the Constitution&#8217;s enumerated powers and would require a constitutional amendment to expand the country beyond its initial border.<\/p>\n<p>Jefferson ultimately accepted the deal, which became known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1801-1829\/louisiana-purchase#\" rel=\"noopener\">Louisiana Purchase<\/a>. He did so despite his doubts about its constitutionality and did not seek to pass an amendment to authorize the expansion.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Guarantee Clause<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Article IV, Section 4 (the guarantee clause) states the following:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<i>The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.<\/i>&#8220;<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation18.html\">guarantee clause<\/a> of Article IV promises the states that each state will always have a &#8220;republican form of government.&#8221; This means that the federal government and every state in America must use the electoral process. An individual state cannot decide to be a monarchy, even if the populace votes to do so.<\/p>\n<p>However, the Supreme Court has interpreted the guarantee clause to mean that states can choose the type of election process they use. As James Madison wrote in the <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/documents\/federalist.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Federalist Papers<\/a>, &#8220;the States may choose to substitute other republican forms.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the guarantee clause is a commitment from the federal government to protect each state from attacks.<\/p>\n<p>The guarantee clause saw extensive use during and after the Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln wrestled with the clause in relation to the 11 Confederate states that seceded. The question was whether those states still had a &#8220;republican form of government.&#8221; If they did not, Lincoln theoretically had a constitutional obligation to put down the rebellion and ensure that the states used a republican government. <a href=\"https:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/19th_century\/lincoln1.asp\" rel=\"noopener\">Lincoln&#8217;s First Inaugural Address<\/a> argued that no state could unilaterally secede from the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div\n    class=\"fl-category-overview\"\n    data-testid=\"fl-category-overview\"\n>\n    <div\n        class=\"fl-accordion fl-category-overview-container\"\n        id=\"category-overview\"\n        data-testid=\"fl-accordion\"\n    >\n                    <div\n               class=\"fl-accordion-item fl-category-overview-item\"\n               id=\"section-1-category-overview\"\n               aria-labelledby=\"button-1-category-overview\"\n               data-testid=\"fl-accordion-item\"\n            >\n                <h2\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-header fl-flex fl-items-center fl-justify-between fl-no-margin\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-header\"\n                >\n                    <button\n                        id=\"button-1-category-overview\"\n                        aria-label=\"Category 1 content\"\n                        aria-expanded=\"false\"\n                        aria-controls=\"section-1-category-overview\"\n                        class=\"fl-accordion-button fl-flex fl-flex-auto fl-justify-between\"\n                        type=\"button\"\n                    >\n                        Article IV Section 1\n                        <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                            <i\n                                class=\"fa fa-angle-down small\"\n                                aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                            ><\/i>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    id=\"content-1-category-overview\"\n                >\n                    <ul class=\"fl-no-margin fl-list\">\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation01.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>Full Faith and Credit Under the Constitution<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation02.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>Judicial Proceedings Under the Full Faith and Credit Clause<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <\/ul>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div\n               class=\"fl-accordion-item fl-category-overview-item\"\n               id=\"section-2-category-overview\"\n               aria-labelledby=\"button-2-category-overview\"\n               data-testid=\"fl-accordion-item\"\n            >\n                <h2\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-header fl-flex fl-items-center fl-justify-between fl-no-margin\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-header\"\n                >\n                    <button\n                        id=\"button-2-category-overview\"\n                        aria-label=\"Category 1 content\"\n                        aria-expanded=\"false\"\n                        aria-controls=\"section-2-category-overview\"\n                        class=\"fl-accordion-button fl-flex fl-flex-auto fl-justify-between\"\n                        type=\"button\"\n                    >\n                        Article IV Section 2\n                        <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                            <i\n                                class=\"fa fa-angle-down small\"\n                                aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                            ><\/i>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    id=\"content-2-category-overview\"\n                >\n                    <ul class=\"fl-no-margin fl-list\">\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation13.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>Rights Under the Privileges and Immunities Clause<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation15.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>The &quot;Fugitive Slave&quot; Clause<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation14.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>Rendition of Fugitives Under the Constitution<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <\/ul>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div\n               class=\"fl-accordion-item fl-category-overview-item\"\n               id=\"section-3-category-overview\"\n               aria-labelledby=\"button-3-category-overview\"\n               data-testid=\"fl-accordion-item\"\n            >\n                <h2\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-header fl-flex fl-items-center fl-justify-between fl-no-margin\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-header\"\n                >\n                    <button\n                        id=\"button-3-category-overview\"\n                        aria-label=\"Category 1 content\"\n                        aria-expanded=\"false\"\n                        aria-controls=\"section-3-category-overview\"\n                        class=\"fl-accordion-button fl-flex fl-flex-auto fl-justify-between\"\n                        type=\"button\"\n                    >\n                        Article IV Section 3\n                        <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                            <i\n                                class=\"fa fa-angle-down small\"\n                                aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                            ><\/i>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    id=\"content-3-category-overview\"\n                >\n                    <ul class=\"fl-no-margin fl-list\">\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation16.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>Admission of New States<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <\/ul>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div\n               class=\"fl-accordion-item fl-category-overview-item\"\n               id=\"section-4-category-overview\"\n               aria-labelledby=\"button-4-category-overview\"\n               data-testid=\"fl-accordion-item\"\n            >\n                <h2\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-header fl-flex fl-items-center fl-justify-between fl-no-margin\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-header\"\n                >\n                    <button\n                        id=\"button-4-category-overview\"\n                        aria-label=\"Category 1 content\"\n                        aria-expanded=\"false\"\n                        aria-controls=\"section-4-category-overview\"\n                        class=\"fl-accordion-button fl-flex fl-flex-auto fl-justify-between\"\n                        type=\"button\"\n                    >\n                        Article IV Section 4\n                        <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                            <i\n                                class=\"fa fa-angle-down small\"\n                                aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                            ><\/i>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    id=\"content-4-category-overview\"\n                >\n                    <ul class=\"fl-no-margin fl-list\">\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article4\/annotation18.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>The Guarantee Clause<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <\/ul>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 8V4C13 3.20435 12.6839 2.44129 12.1213 1.87868C11.5587 1.31607 10.7956 1 10 1L6 10V21H17.28C17.7623 21.0055 18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                              stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3418\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"No\"\n                value=\"no\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">No<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-down\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3423)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M16 0.999995H18.67C19.236 0.989986 19.7859 1.18813 20.2154 1.55681C20.645 1.9255 20.9242 2.43905 21 3V10C20.9242 10.5609 20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Out of date\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-block-column fl-section-sidebar\">\n                        \n\n<div class=\"generalCardContainer\">\n            \n<div\n    class=\"fl-image-card fl-image-card--no-max-width fl-image-card--no-min-height fl-card-with-children fl-latl-card fl-image-card-title-on-image fl-flex fl-flex-column\"\n>\n                    <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\">\n\n            <div class=\"fl-image-card-image-wrapper fl-image-card-image-wrapper-default\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"\n                     src=\"https://constitution.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1750679574\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/general-components-hero-lp-constitution-hero-banner\/general-components-hero-lp-constitution-hero-banner.jpg?_i=AA\"\n                     alt=\"\"\n                ><\/img>\n                                    <span class=\"fl-eyebrow fl-image-card-eyebrow\">U.S. Constitution<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-image-card-content fl-flex-basis-100\">\n                    <h2>More On the Constitution<\/h2>\n<p>Learn about the most important legal document in the United States.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\">Read more &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"general-list\">\n    <h3>You May Also Like<\/h3>\n    <ul class=\"fl-list fl-no-margin\">\n                                    <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/federalism-and-the-u-s--constitution.html\">\n                        Federalism and the U.S. Constitution\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article1\/annotation01.html\">\n                        Separation of Powers\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/preamble.html\">\n                        The Constitution&#8217;s Preamble\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                        <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"popularDirectory\">\n        <div class=\"general-popular-directory \">\n            <div class=\"general-popular-directory-title\">\n                <h3>Popular Directory Searches<\/h3>\n            <\/div>\n            <ul>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/constitutional-law\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitutional Law<\/a><\/li>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Civil Rights<\/a><\/li>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/state-local-municipal-law\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">State, Local and Municipal Law<\/a><\/li>\n                            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"popularRecent\">\n    <div class=\"row popular-recent\">\n        <h2 class=\"popular-recent-title\">Looking for More Information?<\/h2>\n        <div class=\"popular-recent-item\">\n            <div class=\"popular-recent-item-image\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://constitution.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1750688573\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/general-components-popular-recent-popular\/general-components-popular-recent-popular.svg?_i=AA\"\n                    alt=\"\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popular-recent-item-content\">\n                <h3>Popular U.S. Constitution Articles<\/h3>\n                <ul class=\"fl-list\">\n                                            <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                            <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/bill-of-rights.html\">The Bill of Rights<\/a>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                            <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendments.html\">U.S. Constitutional Amendments<\/a>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                            <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article1\/annotation01.html\">Separation of Powers<\/a>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"popular-recent-item\">\n            <div class=\"popular-recent-item-image\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://constitution.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1750688777\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/general-components-popular-recent-recent\/general-components-popular-recent-recent.svg?_i=AA\"\n                    alt=\"\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popular-recent-item-content\">\n                <h3>Most Recent U.S. Constitution Articles<\/h3>\n                <ul class=\"fl-list\">\n                                            <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                            <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation11.html\">\n                                The Right to Interstate Travel Under the Fourteenth Amendment\n                            <\/a>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                            <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/annotation02.html\">\n                                The First Amendment&#8217;s Establishment Clause\n                            <\/a>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                            <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment5\/fifth-amendment-due-process-unbiased-judge-and-impartial-jury.html\">\n                                How Due Process Protects Against Judicial Bias\n                            <\/a>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                            <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article3\/annotation09.html\">\n                                Adversity Requirement for Justiciability Under Article III\n                            <\/a>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                            <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation05.html\">\n                                Equal Protection Cases Based on Race\n                            <\/a>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/OverviewPageController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false},"class_list":["post-31050","constitution","type-constitution","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution\/31050","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/constitution"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31050"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}