{"id":31020,"date":"2016-04-04T20:33:42","date_gmt":"2016-04-05T01:33:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/constitution\/article2\/annotation16.html"},"modified":"2024-08-12T19:29:04","modified_gmt":"2024-08-13T00:29:04","slug":"annotation16","status":"publish","type":"constitution","link":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/annotation16.html","title":{"rendered":"The President as Law Enforcer"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7  fl-block-columns fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles   fl-block-column fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">The President as Law Enforcer<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/edward-maggio-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Edward Maggio, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            August 12, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\" rel=\"noopener\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\" rel=\"noopener\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution spells out several presidential duties, including the duty to faithfully execute the laws. Although the Take Care Clause appears to be relatively straightforward, its meaning and the limits of presidential power have been extensively debated, discussed, and litigated.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<p>One of the most important responsibilities of the President of the United States is to ensure that the laws are &quot;faithfully executed&quot;. This means they must ensure existing laws and the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\">Constitution<\/a> are upheld.<\/p>\r\n<p>At first glance, the clause makes the president a top-level law enforcer. However, the president doesn&#8217;t execute the laws. Instead, they must ensure that their subordinates execute the laws faithfully.<\/p>\r\n<p>This article describes <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2.html\">Article II, Section 3&#8217;s<\/a> requirement that the president faithfully execute the laws. It starts by outlining the text and detailing the enumerated powers and duties of the executive branch. It then provides the modern interpretation of the so-called &quot;take care clause.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Executive Powers and Duties<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>Article II of the U.S. Constitution enumerates the executive duty and powers of the president. The president&#8217;s express powers include the following (among others):<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><p>Act as <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/annotation07.html\">commander in chief<\/a> of the United States of America&#8217;s armed forces (e.g., the Army, Navy, and Air Force)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Enter into <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/annotation10.html\">treaties with foreign nations<\/a> (subject to congressional approval)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/annotation13.html\">Appoint executive officers<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Nominate other officials, like federal judges and the U.S. Attorney General<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/presidential-pardons-under-article-ii.html\">Pardon people<\/a> who have committed federal offenses against the United States<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Fill vacancies when the Senate is in recess<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The Chief Executive possesses implied powers as well. While the United States Constitution does not explicitly state these powers, presidents have historically exercised them to take necessary actions. Read FindLaw&#8217;s article on <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/annotation11.html\">Implied Executive Powers<\/a> for more information.<\/p>\r\n<p>The federal government consists of the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2.html\">executive<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article3.html\">judicial<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article1.html\">legislative<\/a> branches. The Framers, including Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington, created a <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article1\/annotation01.html\">separation of powers structure<\/a>. This structure gives each branch a series of checks and balances on the other branches.<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, the legislature has the following checks on the president:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><p>Although the president is commander in chief, <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article1\/governing-the-military.html\">Congress controls funding for the military<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>The president can nominate federal judges. However, the Senate must confirm the nominations before they take effect.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Congress can remove the president through the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/annotation18.html\">impeachment process<\/a>. The House of Representatives must vote on whether to impeach them. If the vote passes, the Senate will vote on whether to convict them. The bases for impeachment include treason, bribery, or &quot;high Crimes and Misdemeanors.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Read FindLaw&#8217;s overview article, <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2.html\">Article II &#8211; The Executive Branch<\/a>, for more information about Article II.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Article II, Section 3 &#8211; Presidential Duties<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution specifies the president&#8217;s many duties. It states the following:<\/p>\r\n<p><i>\u201cHe shall from time to time give to the Congress Information on the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\r\n<p>The take care clause is the part of Section 3 that states, &quot;he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<p>The clause appears to be a relatively straightforward duty entrusted to the president. However, legal scholars have discussed and debated the take care clause extensively.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>The &quot;Take Care Clause&quot; Explained<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>As the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.congress.gov\/browse\/essay\/artII-S3-3-1\/ALDE_00001160\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitution Annotated notes<\/a>, the take care clause &quot;potentially implicates&quot; five executive powers as follows:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><p>The Constitution&#8217;s enumerated powers in the &quot;opening and succeeding clauses of Article II&quot;<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Acts of Congress that give powers to the president<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Acts of Congress that give powers to heads of departments and other executive branch or administrative agencies<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Powers that arise &quot;implicitly from the duty to enforce the criminal statutes of the United States&quot;<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Executive officers&#8217; powers to carry out &quot;ministerial duties&quot; within their limited discretion<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Although the text of the take care clause &quot;seemingly invests the office with <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.congress.gov\/browse\/essay\/artII-S3-3-1\/ALDE_00001160\/\" rel=\"noopener\">broad enforcement authority<\/a>,&quot; it also limits the executive&#8217;s power. As the Constitution Annotated notes, the clause &quot;underscores that the executive is under a duty to execute the laws of Congress faithfully and not disregard them.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<p>The modern interpretation of the take care clause is that the president is not solely responsible for ensuring the faithful execution of the laws. In other words, the president is not required to personally ensure the faithful execution of the laws.<\/p>\r\n<p>Presidents have a general duty to supervise executive departments. However, realistically, they cannot personally supervise each one. As the <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/42\/290.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Supreme Court noted in 1843<\/a>, requiring the president to do so would be &quot;impossible.&quot; The Court further noted that the president cannot be required to personally perform &quot;the numerous details incident to services&quot; that the Constitution or federal laws may require.<\/p>\r\n<p>Instead, the president can typically assign responsibility to the heads of the various executive departments. When the department heads act lawfully, the president is attributed to the act.<\/p>\r\n<p>Congress can also &quot;entrust the construction of its statutes to an <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.congress.gov\/browse\/essay\/artII-S3-3-4\/ALDE_00000098\/\" rel=\"noopener\">executive officer other than the president.<\/a>&quot; Department heads typically have the authority to implement orders or instructions as they see fit.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court has justified this interpretation by noting that the president can remove executive officers if they abuse their discretion. (<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/272\/52.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Myers v. United States<\/i><\/a> (1926)). The removal power, therefore, is how the president supervises the executive departments. If the department heads fail to execute the laws faithfully, the president may remove them.<\/p>\r\n<p>To summarize, the president does not personally execute the law. Instead, their subordinates in the executive branch do. The president&#8217;s power to remove\u2014and thereby supervise\u2014any subordinates wielding executive power means the president does not have to ensure each department faithfully executes the laws personally. Requiring the president to supervise the day-to-day activities of each department is unrealistic.<\/p>\r\n<p>Congress can also entrust executive power to executive officers, who have discretion to wield the power as they see fit as long as they do so lawfully. If the department head acts unlawfully, the president can remove them from office. Through that power, the president can control the officers and ensure faithful execution of the law.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 8V4C13 3.20435 12.6839 2.44129 12.1213 1.87868C11.5587 1.31607 10.7956 1 10 1L6 10V21H17.28C17.7623 21.0055 18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                              stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3418\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"No\"\n                value=\"no\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">No<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-down\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3423)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M16 0.999995H18.67C19.236 0.989986 19.7859 1.18813 20.2154 1.55681C20.645 1.9255 20.9242 2.43905 21 3V10C20.9242 10.5609 20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Out of date\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-block-column fl-section-sidebar\">\n        \n                        \n\n<div class=\"generalCardContainer\">\n            \n<div\n    class=\"fl-image-card fl-image-card--no-max-width fl-image-card--no-min-height fl-card-with-children fl-latl-card fl-image-card-title-on-image fl-flex fl-flex-column\"\n>\n                    <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\">\n\n            <div class=\"fl-image-card-image-wrapper fl-image-card-image-wrapper-default\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"\n                     src=\"https://constitution.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1750679574\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/general-components-hero-lp-constitution-hero-banner\/general-components-hero-lp-constitution-hero-banner.jpg?_i=AA\"\n                     alt=\"\"\n                ><\/img>\n                                    <span class=\"fl-eyebrow fl-image-card-eyebrow\">U.S. Constitution<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-image-card-content fl-flex-basis-100\">\n                    <h2>More On the Constitution<\/h2>\n<p>Learn about the most important legal document in the United States.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\">Read more &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                src=\"https://constitution.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1737476907\/Image-subscribeModule_zjhmpv\/Image-subscribeModule_zjhmpv.png?_i=AA\"\n                alt=\"\"\n                loading=\"lazy\"\n            \/>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-content fl-flex fl-flex-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-content-text fl-mb25\">\n            <h4 class=\"fl-no-margin\">Enter your email address to subscribe:<\/h4>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <form class=\"email-subscription-content-form\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"distributionList\" value=\"lp\" \/>\n            <label for=\"email-subscription-content-form-group-input\" class=\"fl-text-sm-bold\">Email (Required)<\/label>\n            <div class=\"email-subscription-content-form-group\">\n                <input id=\"email-subscription-content-form-group-input\" name=\"email\" autocomplete=\"email\"\/>\n                <button type=\"submit\" aria-label=\"Submit\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n            <p class=\"email-subscription-content-form-success subscribe-success-message fl-text-sm-bold\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"status\">Thank you for subscribing!<\/p>\n            <p class=\"email-subscription-content-form-error subscribe-error-message fl-text-sm-bold\" role=\"alert\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/p>\n\n            <div id=\"email-subscription-content-form-recaptcha\" class=\"email-subscription-content-form-recaptcha subscribe-recaptcha\"\n                data-sitekey=\"0x4AAAAAAABGBEkK9kEeKxO-\"><\/div>\n        <\/form>\n\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-content-footer fl-text-sm\">\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/newsletters.findlaw.com\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more about FindLaw\u2019s newsletters<\/a>, including our terms of use and privacy policy.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"general-list\">\n    <h3>You May Also Like<\/h3>\n    <ul class=\"fl-list fl-no-margin\">\n                                    <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/annotation07.html\">\n                        Commander-in-Chief Powers\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/annotation11.html\">\n                        Implied Executive Powers\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/article-ii--executive-privilege.html\">\n                        Executive Privilege\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                        <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"popularDirectory\">\n        <div class=\"general-popular-directory \">\n            <div class=\"general-popular-directory-title\">\n                <h3>Popular Directory Searches<\/h3>\n            <\/div>\n            <ul>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/constitutional-law\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitutional Law<\/a><\/li>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">Civil Rights<\/a><\/li>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/discrimination\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">Discrimination<\/a><\/li>\n                            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"parent":31011,"menu_order":0,"template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticlePageController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":false,"_modified_date":"","_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false},"class_list":["post-31020","constitution","type-constitution","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution\/31020","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/constitution"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution\/31011"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31020"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}