{"id":30939,"date":"2016-04-04T20:33:53","date_gmt":"2016-04-05T01:33:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/constitution\/amendment8.html"},"modified":"2024-07-26T10:13:00","modified_gmt":"2024-07-26T15:13:00","slug":"amendment8","status":"publish","type":"constitution","link":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment8.html","title":{"rendered":"Eighth Amendment Protection Against Cruel Punishments and Excessive Bail"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7  fl-block-columns fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles   fl-block-column fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><div\n    data-testid=\"fl-general-title\"\n    class=\"fl-general-title fl-flex fl-gap20 fl-items-end\"\n>\n    <div class=\"fl-general-title-heading fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n        <h1\n            class=\"fl-h1 fl-general-title-title fl-no-spacing\"\n            data-testid=\"fl-general-title-title\"\n        >\n            Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution\n        <\/h1>\n        <p\n            class=\"fl-general-title-description fl-text-xl fl-no-margin\"\n            data-testid=\"fl-general-title-description\"\n        >\n            Protections Against Cruel Punishments, Excessive Bail, and Excessive Fines\n        <\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw Staff<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/laura-temme-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Temme, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            July 26, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\" rel=\"noopener\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\" rel=\"noopener\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides important rights and legal protections for individuals accused of a crime. It safeguards against three distinct forms of potential abuse by the state:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Cruel and unusual punishments<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Excessive bail<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Excessive fines<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Through the years, these protections have helped shape justice in America.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Historical Background of the Eighth Amendment<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1791 as part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/bill-of-rights.html\">Bill of Rights<\/a>. It emerged from a context rooted in English legal history and Enlightenment philosophy.<\/p>\n<p>The roots of the Eighth Amendment can be traced back to England\u2019s legal traditions, which sought to curb the excesses of monarchical power and protect liberty. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/about\/living-heritage\/evolutionofparliament\/parliamentaryauthority\/revolution\/collections1\/collections-glorious-revolution\/billofrights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Bill of Rights of 1689<\/a>, which followed the Glorious Revolution, was pivotal in shaping these principles. It prohibited cruel and unusual punishments and declared that excessive bail should not be required.<\/p>\n<p>One delegate to the 1787 <a href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1784-1800\/convention-and-ratification\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitutional Convention<\/a>, George Mason, was a leading advocate for the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution. He argued passionately for the protection of individual liberties and feared that the federal government might infringe upon these rights without explicit guarantees.<\/p>\n<p>Mason&#8217;s impact is evident in his earlier contributions as well. He was the principal author of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/founding-docs\/virginia-declaration-of-rights\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Virginia Declaration of Rights<\/a>, which was ratified in 1776 and contained clauses against cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail.<\/p>\n<p>Advocates for a bill of rights in the Constitution included prominent figures like James Madison. They argued that such protections were essential to:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Securing the consent of the governed<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Maintaining a just society<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article7.html\">ratification of the Constitution<\/a> was contingent upon the promise of adding a bill of rights. Thus, the first ten amendments, the Bill of Rights, were proposed in 1789.<\/p>\n<h2>What the Eighth Amendment Says<\/h2>\n<p>The Eighth Amendment states:<\/p>\n<p><i>&#8220;Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The text itself does not provide a precise definition of these terms. However, it embodies broader principles of fairness, proportionality, and human dignity.<\/p>\n<p>The interpretation of this amendment has evolved through judicial precedent and societal norms. Landmark Supreme Court cases, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/408\/238.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Furman v. Georgia<\/i> (1972)<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/17-1091.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Timbs v. Indiana<\/i> (2019)<\/a>, have shaped the understanding and application of its provisions.<\/p>\n<p>Today, the Eighth Amendment remains a crucial safeguard against governmental abuse of power. Its historical roots in English traditions are one key reason it upholds human dignity principles in American society.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Cruel and Unusual Punishments<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment8\/annotation01.html\">Protection against cruel and unusual punishments<\/a> is at the heart of the Eighth Amendment. It ensures that punishments inflicted by the state remain humane and proportional to the offense committed.<\/p>\n<p>The amendment does not explicitly define what constitutes unconstitutional, &#8220;cruel and unusual&#8221; punishments. This can be difficult to establish, considering that there are many forms of punishment. However, the Supreme Court has interpreted it to encompass:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Barbaric punishments<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Degrading punishments<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Punishments disproportionate to the crime<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Over time, the Court has issued landmark rulings to clarify the scope of this protection.<\/p>\n<p>In <i>Furman v. Georgia<\/i> (1972), the Court struck down arbitrary and capricious <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment8\/annotation03.html\">application of the death penalty<\/a>. It was deemed cruel and unusual. This decision led to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/the-u-s-and-the-death-penalty.html\" rel=\"noopener\">nationwide moratorium on capital punishment.<\/a> This lasted until states reformed their laws to meet constitutional standards.<\/p>\n<p>Subsequent cases such as <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/536\/304.html#:~:text=Held%3A%20Executions%20of%20mentally%20retarded,and%20proportioned%20to%20the%20offense.\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Atkins v. Virginia<\/i> (2002)<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/543\/551.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Roper v. Simmons<\/i> (2005)<\/a> expanded protections. They barred the execution of individuals with intellectual disabilities and juveniles\/minors.<\/p>\n<h3>Trop v. Dulles<\/h3>\n<p>Another Supreme Court decision, <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/356\/86.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Trop v. Dulles<\/i><\/a>, revolved around the revocation of citizenship from an individual who has deserted their military post.<\/p>\n<p>Albert Trop, a U.S. Army veteran, was convicted of desertion during World War II. His punishment was decided due to a provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. The Act stated that desertion during wartime was grounds for revoking citizenship. The U.S. government then revoked Trop&#8217;s citizenship.<\/p>\n<p>Trop challenged the constitutionality of the law revoking his citizenship. He argued that it was cruel and unusual punishment, violating the Eighth Amendment. He argued that stripping citizenship as a punishment for wartime desertion was excessively severe and violated fundamental principles of justice.<\/p>\n<p>In a landmark 1958 ruling, the Supreme Court sided with Trop. The Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibited revoking citizenship as a punishment for desertion. Justice Earl Warren wrote for the majority. He emphasized that citizenship is a fundamental right and that its revocation should not be used as a punitive measure.<\/p>\n<p>One key aspect of the <i>Trop<\/i> decision was its emphasis on &#8220;evolving standards of decency.&#8221; The Court acknowledged that societal attitudes and understandings of what constitutes cruel and unusual punishment may change over time. Therefore, the Eighth Amendment&#8217;s prohibition should be interpreted in light of contemporary norms and values. The Court stated that evolving decency standards mark a maturing society&#8217;s progress.<\/p>\n<p>The <i>Trop<\/i> decision marked a significant expansion of Eighth Amendment protections and established that punishments must be proportional to the offense committed.<\/p>\n<p><i>Trop v. Dulles<\/i> exemplifies the Supreme Court&#8217;s commitment to interpreting the Eighth Amendment to reflect changing societal norms and values. This ensures that the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment remains relevant and meaningful in contemporary times.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Excessive Bail<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Another vital aspect of the Eighth Amendment is the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment8\/annotation02.html\">prohibition against excessive bail<\/a>. Bail secures an individual&#8217;s release from pretrial detention, ensuring they can await trial while still participating in their defense. However, imposing bail amounts beyond a person&#8217;s means denies them their right to liberty, perpetuating inequality within the criminal justice system.<\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed the importance of reasonable bail. In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/342\/1.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Stack v. Boyle<\/i> (1951),<\/a> the Court held that bail must not be set at a figure higher than necessary to ensure a defendant&#8217;s presence at trial.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, in <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/481\/739.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>United States v. Salerno<\/i> (1987),<\/a> the Court ruled that pretrial detention based solely on the presumption of dangerousness or flight risk violates due process. These decisions underscore the principle that bail should not be punitive. Bail must consider an individual&#8217;s circumstances.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Excessive Fines<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>The Eighth Amendment also guards against excessive fines. It prevents the government from imposing disproportionately harsh financial penalties. A fine is excessive if it results in deprivation of property without <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment5\/annotation05.html#:~:text=One%20important%20aspect%20of%20the,going%20through%20the%20court%20system.\">due process of law.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Excessive fines can impoverish individuals, depriving them of their livelihoods and perpetuating cycles of poverty. Moreover, they undermine the principle of proportionality in punishment and allow the state to wield its power oppressively.<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/17-1091.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Timbs v. Indiana<\/i><\/a> (2019), the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the applicability of the Excessive Fines Clause to state and local governments. The Court established a precedent that extends constitutional protections against punitive fines at all levels. The case involved the forfeiture of a vehicle worth significantly more than the maximum fine for the underlying offense. By unanimously ruling against Indiana&#8217;s excessive forfeiture, the Court sent a clear message that the Eighth Amendment&#8217;s safeguards apply to state actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div\n    class=\"fl-category-overview\"\n    data-testid=\"fl-category-overview\"\n>\n    <div\n        class=\"fl-accordion fl-category-overview-container\"\n        id=\"category-overview\"\n        data-testid=\"fl-accordion\"\n    >\n                    <div\n               class=\"fl-accordion-item fl-category-overview-item\"\n               id=\"section-1-category-overview\"\n               aria-labelledby=\"button-1-category-overview\"\n               data-testid=\"fl-accordion-item\"\n            >\n                <h2\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-header fl-flex fl-items-center fl-justify-between fl-no-margin\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-header\"\n                >\n                    <button\n                        id=\"button-1-category-overview\"\n                        aria-label=\"Category 1 content\"\n                        aria-expanded=\"false\"\n                        aria-controls=\"section-1-category-overview\"\n                        class=\"fl-accordion-button fl-flex fl-flex-auto fl-justify-between\"\n                        type=\"button\"\n                    >\n                        Criminal Punishments\n                        <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                            <i\n                                class=\"fa fa-angle-down small\"\n                                aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                            ><\/i>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    id=\"content-1-category-overview\"\n                >\n                    <ul class=\"fl-no-margin fl-list\">\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment8\/annotation01.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>Cruel and Unusual Punishment<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment8\/annotation03.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>The Eighth Amendment and the Death Penalty<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment8\/annotation04.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>When Is the Death Penalty Considered Cruel and Unusual Punishment?<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <\/ul>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div\n               class=\"fl-accordion-item fl-category-overview-item\"\n               id=\"section-2-category-overview\"\n               aria-labelledby=\"button-2-category-overview\"\n               data-testid=\"fl-accordion-item\"\n            >\n                <h2\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-header fl-flex fl-items-center fl-justify-between fl-no-margin\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-header\"\n                >\n                    <button\n                        id=\"button-2-category-overview\"\n                        aria-label=\"Category 1 content\"\n                        aria-expanded=\"false\"\n                        aria-controls=\"section-2-category-overview\"\n                        class=\"fl-accordion-button fl-flex fl-flex-auto fl-justify-between\"\n                        type=\"button\"\n                    >\n                        Bail and Fines\n                        <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                            <i\n                                class=\"fa fa-angle-down small\"\n                                aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                            ><\/i>\n                        <\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                <\/h2>\n                <div\n                    class=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    data-testid=\"fl-accordion-content\"\n                    id=\"content-2-category-overview\"\n                >\n                    <ul class=\"fl-no-margin fl-list\">\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment8\/annotation02.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\">\n                                    <span>Excessive Bail and Fines<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n                                    aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                                ><\/i>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-text\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/bail-proceedings-background.html\" class=\"fl-list-item-link\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                                    <span>Bail Proceedings: Background<\/span>\n                                <\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-control-list-item fl-flex\">\n                            <div class=\"fl-list-control-container\">\n                                <i\n                                    class=\"fa fa-angle-right small\"\n          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               >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Out of date\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                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src=\"https://constitution.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1750679574\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/general-components-hero-lp-constitution-hero-banner\/general-components-hero-lp-constitution-hero-banner.jpg?_i=AA\"\n                     alt=\"\"\n                ><\/img>\n                                    <span class=\"fl-eyebrow fl-image-card-eyebrow\">U.S. Constitution<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-image-card-content fl-flex-basis-100\">\n                    <h2>More On the Constitution<\/h2>\n<p>Learn about the most important legal document in the United States.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\">Read more &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"general-list\">\n    <h3>You May Also Like<\/h3>\n    <ul class=\"fl-list fl-no-margin\">\n                                    <li 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aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights.html\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                        Criminal Rights\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                        <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"popularRecent\">\n    <div class=\"row popular-recent\">\n        <h2 class=\"popular-recent-title\">Looking for More Information?<\/h2>\n        <div class=\"popular-recent-item\">\n            <div class=\"popular-recent-item-image\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://constitution.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1750688573\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/general-components-popular-recent-popular\/general-components-popular-recent-popular.svg?_i=AA\"\n                    alt=\"\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popular-recent-item-content\">\n                <h3>Popular 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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/OverviewPageController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false},"class_list":["post-30939","constitution","type-constitution","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution\/30939","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/constitution"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30939"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}