{"id":30895,"date":"2021-06-30T09:23:44","date_gmt":"2021-06-30T14:23:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/constitution\/amendment1\/regulation-of-the-media-under-the-first-amendment.html"},"modified":"2024-08-12T20:09:42","modified_gmt":"2024-08-13T01:09:42","slug":"regulation-of-the-media-under-the-first-amendment","status":"publish","type":"constitution","link":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/regulation-of-the-media-under-the-first-amendment.html","title":{"rendered":"Regulation of the Media Under the First Amendment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7  fl-block-columns fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles   fl-block-column fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Regulation of the Media Under the First Amendment<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/balrina-ahluwalia-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Balrina Ahluwalia, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/edward-maggio-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Edward Maggio, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            August 12, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\" rel=\"noopener\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\" rel=\"noopener\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>The freedom of the press to serve as a check on government power is deeply rooted in principles of democracy. In this article, we examine Supreme Court decisions to understand the extent to which the government may regulate the media in light of this First Amendment right.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/bill-of-rights.html\">Bill of Rights<\/a> consists of the first ten amendments to the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\">U.S. Constitution<\/a>. The Framers created these measures to safeguard civil liberties and constrain governmental power.<\/p>\r\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1.html\">First Amendment<\/a> reflects these democratic ideals and reads in relevant part:<\/p>\r\n<p><i>\u201cCongress shall make no law\u2026abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press\u2026\u201d<\/i><\/p>\r\n<p>By its terms, the First Amendment begins as a prohibition on <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/congress.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Congress<\/a>, our federal legislature. In other words, Congress may not pass laws that infringe upon these freedoms.<\/p>\r\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Supreme Court<\/a> serves as the Constitution\u2019s ultimate authority and interpreter. The Court has determined this prohibition extends beyond Congress through the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and the doctrine of incorporation.<\/p>\r\n<p>The First Amendment protects these rights from government interference of any kind and at any level. In other words, it restricts the government\u2019s ability to regulate the private exercise of these rights.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Government action that restricts these freedoms may take many forms, including:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><p>Laws<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Court <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/injunction.html\" rel=\"noopener\">injunctions<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>State regulatory schemes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/free-speech-rights-of-students.html\">Public school<\/a> policies<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Regulatory agency action<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>We often refer to government action in this context as <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/state-action.html\" rel=\"noopener\">state action<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Legal Standards<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>The Constitutional rights to free speech and a <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/first-amendment-freedom-of-the-press.html\">free press<\/a> aren\u2019t absolute. Restrictions on these freedoms must be balanced against legitimate government interests, like maintaining safety and order.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court has developed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law-and-life\/challenging-laws-3-levels-of-scrutiny-explained\/\" rel=\"noopener\">legal standards<\/a> and frameworks for determining whether government restrictions that burden First Amendment rights are constitutional. They generally weigh the government interests served by the restriction against the First Amendment rights burdened by it. These standards often refer to government interests as state interests.<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/strict-scrutiny.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Strict scrutiny<\/a> is the most difficult standard to meet. To pass constitutional muster, a restriction must be required to serve a compelling state interest in the least restrictive manner available.<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/content-and-viewpoint-based-regulation-of-speech.html\">Content-based<\/a> restrictions are typically subject to a strict scrutiny standard of review. This is because, at their core, the constitutional rights to free speech and a free press protect against government suppression of certain ideas and viewpoints.<\/p>\r\n<p>Accordingly, the First Amendment protects the expression of controversial political perspectives, dissatisfaction with public affairs, and advocacy of polarizing change.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Free Speech and a Free Press<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>Freedoms of speech and the press often overlap. The right to a free press is based on the idea that the government shouldn\u2019t restrict or control which messaging, or information enters the marketplace of ideas. Therefore, it doesn\u2019t just protect media outlets or press entities. It also protects the public\u2019s right to receive information, particularly about government affairs and other matters of public concern.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court has also determined that speech protected by the First Amendment includes the written word and other forms of expressive conduct. For example, messaging on a t-shirt and distributing leaflets are considered speech or expression protected by the First Amendment.<\/p>\r\n<p>Essentially, the First Amendment protects speech, whether expressed through a newspaper or a <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/what-is-symbolic-speech-under-the-first-amendment-.html\">symbolic gesture<\/a>. However, different modes of expression may implicate different standards of review. As the <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/512\/622.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Turner Broadcasting v. FCC<\/i><\/a> Court explained, quoting an <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/460\/575.html\" rel=\"noopener\">earlier decision<\/a>, \u201csome special characteristic of the particular medium being regulated\u201d may justify different treatment.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Unprotected Speech<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>The Court has also established some categories of unprotected speech. This means the First Amendment doesn\u2019t generally restrict the government from regulating and punishing these types of speech. These unprotected categories include:&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/defamation-libel-slander.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Defamation<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/does-the-first-amendment-protect-speech-that-advocates-illegal-c.html\">True threats<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/first-amendment-limits--obscenity.html\">Obscenity<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/first-amendment-limits--child-pornography.html\">Child Pornography<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p><a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/litigation-disputes\/what-is-fraud.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Fraud<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>However, not all restrictions on unprotected speech are constitutional. And not all restrictions on protected speech are unconstitutional.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Applicability of the First Amendment<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>The First Amendment only limits government action that interferes with the rights of private parties. It doesn\u2019t apply to government restrictions on <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/government-speech-and-government-property-under-the-first-amendm.html\">government speech<\/a> or media, and it doesn\u2019t generally limit restrictions imposed by private entities.<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, the First Amendment generally prevents the government from prohibiting <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/does-the-first-amendment-protect-protestors-.html\">protests<\/a> on public property. Conversely, a private property owner may ban protestors on their property without facing First Amendment issues.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Prior Restraint<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>Claims that a government action or restriction violates the First Amendment can based on several legal theories. One such theory is the doctrine of prior restraint.<\/p>\r\n<p>Prior restraint generally refers to government restrictions on expression before it occurs. It most commonly pertains to published materials and frequently involves a free press discussion.<\/p>\r\n<p>Although not all prior restraints violate the First Amendment, they are considered particularly dangerous because they mirror the type of government censorship the Bill of Rights sought to avoid. Some examples of prior restraint include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><p>A law prohibiting future publication of certain information<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>An injunction restricting someone from speaking about a particular topic<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>A regulatory scheme requiring government approval of content before publication<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Prior restraints aren\u2019t automatically considered unconstitutional. However, the Court has held they are subject to a <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/372\/58.html\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cheavy presumption\u201d<\/a> of invalidity.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Near v. Minnesota<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court established the doctrine of prior restraint in <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/283\/697.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Near v. Minnesota<\/i><\/a><i> <\/i>(1931). The <i>Near<\/i> Court dealt with a restriction on defamation and other content in publications. The law allowed the state and government officials to enjoin or prevent violators from future publication.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Court explained that the very meaning of a free press is the absence of prior restraints on publications and found the statutory scheme captured \u201cthe essence of censorship.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>Because the law constituted a prior restraint, the Court held it was an unconstitutional infringement on the First Amendment right to a free press. This marked the beginning of the prior restraint doctrine in America.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Associated Press v. NLRB<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>The question of whether the right to a free press affords media outlets stronger First Amendment protection than non-press entities has generated robust discussion.<\/p>\r\n<p>In<i> <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/301\/103.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Associated Press v. NLRB<\/i><\/a>, (1937), the Court held that application of the National Labor Relations Act to a news media organization didn\u2019t pose First Amendment issues.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Court reasoned that newsgathering organizations don\u2019t enjoy some type of special immunity from general laws like the NLRA. And they don\u2019t have some sort of pass to infringe on the rights of others.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Act sought to regulate employee relations and wage standards. It had nothing to do with the impartial dissemination of information. The Court, therefore, saw no constitutional problem with enforcing it against news agencies.<\/p>\r\n<p>In&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/cdn.loc.gov\/service\/ll\/usrep\/usrep501\/usrep501663\/usrep501663.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.<\/i><\/a> (1991), the Court again affirmed that media outlets must comply with generally applicable laws, even if those laws incidentally impact the media\u2019s free speech rights.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>New York Times v. Sullivan<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/376\/254.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>New York Times Co. v. Sullivan<\/i><\/a><i> <\/i>(1964), &nbsp;the Court expanded media protection under the First Amendment. In this case, the Court reviewed a civil rights fundraising ad published with some inaccuracies.<\/p>\r\n<p>The ad criticized an Alabama police department. The department&#8217;s commissioner sued for libel, claiming the false statements damaged his reputation. The Court determined that the constitutional rights to free speech and a free press extend to the publication of false or libelous statements about public officials.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Court explained that open discourse about the government and public affairs is critical to our First Amendment protection. As Justice Brennan noted, \u201cdebate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust and wide-open.\u201d Spirited criticism and even errors are some of the prices we pay for our freedoms in a democracy.<\/p>\r\n<p>The <i>New York Times<\/i> Court also established a strict actual malice standard required for libel actions against media outlets.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>New York Times v. Sullivan<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>Commonly referred to as the Pentagon Papers case,<i> <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/landmark\/landmark403-713.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>New York Times Co. v. United States<\/i><\/a> (1971) dealt with another prior restraint.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;After a defense analyst leaked copies of classified government study papers to the <i>New York Times<\/i> and the <i>Washington Post<\/i>, the Nixon administration sought an injunction to block their publication.<\/p>\r\n<p>The administration claimed that publishing the leaked papers violated the Espionage Act, citing national security concerns as the reason for the prior restraint. The Court determined that the administration fell short of establishing that the national security concerns associated with publishing the leaked material outweighed the papers\u2019 First Amendment rights.<\/p>\r\n<p>This case is widely regarded as a free press win against government censorship.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Branzburg v. Hayes<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/408\/665.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Branzburg v. Hayes<\/i><\/a><i> <\/i>(1972), the Court determined that the First Amendment doesn\u2019t entitle press entities to different protection or treatment from others.<\/p>\r\n<p>The <i>Branzburg<\/i> Court addressed whether reporters and other members of the media were entitled to privilege under the law. The case consolidated matters from California, Kentucky, and Massachusetts.<\/p>\r\n<p>The central issue was whether reporters could be compelled to testify in criminal cases about information they obtained with a promise of confidentiality.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Court determined they could and reasoned that reporters have no more access to governmental affairs than the average population. And the average population doesn\u2019t enjoy testimonial privilege in criminal matters.<\/p>\r\n<p>As a result, the Court held that reporters may be compelled to testify and reveal sources or information they obtained confidentially.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Houchins v. KQED<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/438\/1.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Houchins v. KQED<\/i><\/a> (1978), the Court addressed whether the First Amendment gives the institutional press wider latitude than private individuals or entities. In other words, is the press entitled to more freedom from government restriction than non-press entities?<\/p>\r\n<p>According to Justice Stewart\u2019s concurrence, we can\u2019t ignore that the First Amendment explicitly includes press freedom and the free speech clause. He contended that this demonstrates the American press&#8217;s important societal role as a government watchdog.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;As a result, he explained, the Court\u2019s interpretation of this freedom should consider the unique needs the press may have in performing that function.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>That same year, however, Chief Justice Burger took a different position in his <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/435\/765.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti<\/i><\/a> concurrence. He explained the Court hadn\u2019t settled the question as to whether the free press clause means that the \u201cinstitutional press\u201d is entitled to more freedom from government regulation than others.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Landmark Communications v. Virginia<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/435\/829.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Landmark Communications v. Virginia<\/i><\/a><i> <\/i>(1978), the Court struck down a Virginia law criminalizing the disclosure of information about a state commission\u2019s confidential inquiries and investigations into judges. A newspaper had published information from a commission hearing related to a confidential investigation into a state judge.<\/p>\r\n<p>The state criminally sanctioned the paper, and the paper sued, asserting that the state law unconstitutionally violated its First Amendment rights. The Supreme Court agreed.<\/p>\r\n<p>It reasoned that the disclosure was about government affairs and served a public interest. Although the state was interested in preserving the confidentiality of the hearings, the Court held that interest didn\u2019t justify this degree of infringement upon First Amendment protections.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Richmond Newspaper v. Virginia<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/448\/555.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Richmond Newspaper v. Virginia<\/i><\/a><i> (<\/i>1980) and several other cases, the Court has afforded the media some deference to which others aren\u2019t entitled. This is because the Court recognizes the media&#8217;s role in disseminating news and information.<\/p>\r\n<p>In his <i>Richmond<\/i> concurrence, Justice Stevens implied the existence of some press-gathering right that can\u2019t \u201cbe wholly inhibited by nondiscriminatory constraints.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>CBS, Inc. v. FCC<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>The Court addressed broadcast media regulation in CBS, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission (1981). The Court\u2019s decision distinguished between its treatment of print media outlets and broadcast media outlets.<\/p>\r\n<p>In this case, the Court upheld a regulation compelling broadcast outlets to provide reasonable airwave access to federal political candidates. The Court explained that the public\u2019s First Amendment rights, together with the candidates\u2019 First Amendment rights, trumped the First Amendment rights of the broadcasters.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/457\/596.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court<\/i><\/a> (1982), the Court developed a standard for evaluating whether government or private interests outweigh the public\u2019s right of access. The <i>Globe<\/i> Court reviewed a law prohibiting the press and public access from attending sex crime court proceedings when minor victims are testifying.<\/p>\r\n<p>In the Court\u2019s opinion, Supreme Court Justice Brennan explained that public and press access to criminal trials is important because of the valuable function public scrutiny of a criminal trial serves. Specifically, it<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><p>Strengthens and protects the integrity of the fact-finding process<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Cultivates an appearance of fairness<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><p>Facilitates public participation in the judicial process<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The <i>Globe <\/i>Court explained that a restriction closing off all or part of a criminal trial must demonstrate that doing so is necessitated by a compelling state interest. Likewise, that restriction must be narrowly tailored to serve that interest.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Social Media<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>The emergence of social media as <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/15-1194.html#:~:text=Argued%3A%20February%2027%2C%202017Decided,personal%20Web%20pages.%22%20N.\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cthe modern public square\u201d<\/a> also raises new issues because social media sites are typically owned and operated by private entities.<\/p>\r\n<p>This means they have their own First Amendment rights as <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/freedom-of-speech-for-corporations.html\">corporations<\/a>. It also means that First Amendment constraints don\u2019t apply to these private owners\u2019 regulation of content on their platforms.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, the role the government can and should play in regulating content on these sites is a primary focus of developing caselaw. Concerns are rising about the control of these companies, like Facebook and Twitter (X), to limit and restrict the content on their sites.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>Several attempts have been made to compel them to enforce more or less content restrictions. For example, Texas, Florida, Ohio, and Georgia have tried to pass laws restricting their ability to regulate content on their platforms. The states have claimed their citizens\u2019 free expression rights are at stake.<\/p>\r\n<p>Accordingly, the states have tried to invoke the First Amendment by classifying the sites as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/technologist\/is-facebook-a-public-forum-publisher-or-just-a-platform\/\" rel=\"noopener\">public forums<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-is-a-common-carrier.html\" rel=\"noopener\">common carriers<\/a>. The social media sites have claimed their regulations aren\u2019t subject to First Amendment constraints. They\u2019ve also asserted that their algorithms are forms of expression protected by the First Amendment.<\/p>\r\n<p>Several such cases await review by the Supreme Court, including a Texas case from the <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-5th-circuit\/1912462.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals<\/a>. Justice Alito\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/casetext.com\/case\/netchoice-llc-v-paxton-4\" rel=\"noopener\">dissent<\/a> to recent action in the matter summarizes his perspective of the Court\u2019s challenges in such cases:<\/p>\r\n<p>\u201cIt is not at all obvious how our existing precedents, which predate the age of the internet, should apply to large social media companies.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>As technological advances change the way the media operates and the public consumes information, future Court decisions will undoubtedly invaluable insight.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 8V4C13 3.20435 12.6839 2.44129 12.1213 1.87868C11.5587 1.31607 10.7956 1 10 1L6 10V21H17.28C17.7623 21.0055 18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                              stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3418\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"No\"\n                value=\"no\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">No<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-down\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3423)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M16 0.999995H18.67C19.236 0.989986 19.7859 1.18813 20.2154 1.55681C20.645 1.9255 20.9242 2.43905 21 3V10C20.9242 10.5609 20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Out of date\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-block-column fl-section-sidebar\">\n        \n                        \n\n<div class=\"generalCardContainer\">\n            \n<div\n    class=\"fl-image-card fl-image-card--no-max-width fl-image-card--no-min-height fl-card-with-children fl-latl-card fl-image-card-title-on-image fl-flex fl-flex-column\"\n>\n                    <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\">\n\n            <div class=\"fl-image-card-image-wrapper fl-image-card-image-wrapper-default\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"\n                     src=\"https://constitution.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1750679574\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/general-components-hero-lp-constitution-hero-banner\/general-components-hero-lp-constitution-hero-banner.jpg?_i=AA\"\n                     alt=\"\"\n                ><\/img>\n                                    <span class=\"fl-eyebrow fl-image-card-eyebrow\">U.S. Constitution<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-image-card-content fl-flex-basis-100\">\n                    <h2>More On the Constitution<\/h2>\n<p>Learn about the most important legal document in the United States.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\">Read more &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                src=\"https://constitution.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1737476907\/Image-subscribeModule_zjhmpv\/Image-subscribeModule_zjhmpv.png?_i=AA\"\n                alt=\"\"\n                loading=\"lazy\"\n            \/>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-content fl-flex fl-flex-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-content-text fl-mb25\">\n            <h4 class=\"fl-no-margin\">Enter your email address to subscribe:<\/h4>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <form class=\"email-subscription-content-form\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"distributionList\" value=\"lp\" \/>\n            <label for=\"email-subscription-content-form-group-input\" class=\"fl-text-sm-bold\">Email (Required)<\/label>\n            <div class=\"email-subscription-content-form-group\">\n                <input id=\"email-subscription-content-form-group-input\" name=\"email\" autocomplete=\"email\"\/>\n                <button type=\"submit\" aria-label=\"Submit\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n            <p class=\"email-subscription-content-form-success subscribe-success-message fl-text-sm-bold\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"status\">Thank you for subscribing!<\/p>\n            <p class=\"email-subscription-content-form-error subscribe-error-message fl-text-sm-bold\" role=\"alert\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/p>\n\n            <div id=\"email-subscription-content-form-recaptcha\" class=\"email-subscription-content-form-recaptcha subscribe-recaptcha\"\n                data-sitekey=\"0x4AAAAAAABGBEkK9kEeKxO-\"><\/div>\n        <\/form>\n\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-content-footer fl-text-sm\">\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/newsletters.findlaw.com\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more about FindLaw\u2019s newsletters<\/a>, including our terms of use and privacy policy.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"general-list\">\n    <h3>You May Also Like<\/h3>\n    <ul class=\"fl-list fl-no-margin\">\n                                    <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/first-amendment-freedom-of-the-press.html\">\n                        Freedom of the Press\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/defamation-and-false-statements-under-the-first-amendment.html\">\n                        Defamation and False Statements Under the First Amendment\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/prior-restraint-and-the-first-amendment.html\">\n                        Prior Restraint and the First Amendment\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                        <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"popularDirectory\">\n        <div class=\"general-popular-directory \">\n            <div class=\"general-popular-directory-title\">\n                <h3>Popular Directory Searches<\/h3>\n            <\/div>\n            <ul>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/constitutional-law\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitutional Law<\/a><\/li>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">Civil Rights<\/a><\/li>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/discrimination\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">Discrimination<\/a><\/li>\n                            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"parent":30862,"menu_order":0,"template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticlePageController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":false,"_modified_date":"","_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false},"class_list":["post-30895","constitution","type-constitution","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution\/30895","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/constitution"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution\/30862"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30895"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}