{"id":30882,"date":"2021-06-29T12:36:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-29T17:36:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/constitution\/amendment1\/first-amendment-limits--child-pornography.html"},"modified":"2024-08-21T20:00:31","modified_gmt":"2024-08-22T01:00:31","slug":"first-amendment-limits-child-pornography","status":"publish","type":"constitution","link":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/first-amendment-limits-child-pornography.html","title":{"rendered":"First Amendment Limits: Child Pornography"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7  fl-block-columns fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles   fl-block-column fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">First Amendment Limits: Child Pornography<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/balrina-ahluwalia-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Balrina Ahluwalia, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/edward-maggio-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Edward Maggio, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            August 21, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <h2>\n            <button tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\"><\/i>\n                Legally Reviewed\n            <\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\" rel=\"noopener\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <h2>\n            <button tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\"><\/i>\n                Fact-Checked\n            <\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\" rel=\"noopener\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>The First Amendment intersects with child pornography in two different ways. In this article, we examine the Supreme Court\u2019s interpretation of the First Amendment as it relates to pornographic material featuring children and also children\u2019s access to pornographic material.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The First Amendment to the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\">U.S. Constitution<\/a> states, in part, &#8220;Congress shall make no law &#8230; abridging the freedom of speech.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>This language tells us that the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1.html\">First Amendment<\/a> freedom of speech begins as a prohibition on <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/congress.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Congress<\/a>. Specifically, the First Amendment prohibits Congress from passing laws infringing on the right to <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/free-speech-legal-doctrines.html\">free speech<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Through case law and the passage of the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation03.html\">Fourteenth Amendment<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Supreme Court<\/a> has extended the First Amendment to governmental action of any kind and at any level. In this context, we commonly refer to government action as <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/state-action.html\" rel=\"noopener\">state action<\/a> and government interest as state interest.<\/p>\n<p>So, the First Amendment prohibits government restrictions on speech. This protection generally applies to government regulation of private speech. It doesn\u2019t constrain government restrictions on <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/government-speech-and-government-property-under-the-first-amendm.html\">government speech<\/a>. And it doesn\u2019t typically apply to speech restrictions imposed by private entities.<\/p>\n<h2>Free Expression<\/h2>\n<p>The Court has also determined that speech protected by the First Amendment can include expressive conduct like the written word, performances, and symbolic action or inaction. For example, messaging on a t-shirt and refusing to salute the American flag are protected speech or <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/free-expression.html\" rel=\"noopener\">expression<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The right to free speech, however, isn\u2019t absolute. The Supreme Court has established several circumstances where government regulation of speech is consistent with the First Amendment.<\/p>\n<h2>Legal Standards of Review<\/h2>\n<p>The Court has also developed frameworks and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law-and-life\/challenging-laws-3-levels-of-scrutiny-explained\/\" rel=\"noopener\">legal standards<\/a> for determining whether a speech restriction violates the First Amendment. Their application varies depending on the circumstances.<\/p>\n<p>However, they generally weigh the state interest served by the restriction against the First Amendment rights burdened by it. <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/strict-scrutiny.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Strict scrutiny<\/a> is the most difficult standard to satisfy. It requires the restriction to serve a <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/compelling-state-interest.html\" rel=\"noopener\">compelling state interest<\/a> in the least restrictive manner available.<\/p>\n<h2>Unprotected Speech<\/h2>\n<p>Similarly, the Supreme Court has established several categories of speech that don\u2019t enjoy First Amendment protection. This means the state can generally restrict and\/or penalize certain types of expression without violating the First Amendment.<\/p>\n<p>Categories of unprotected speech established by the Supreme Court include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/first-amendment-limits--fighting-words--hostile-audiences--and-t.html\">Fighting words<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/true-threat.html\" rel=\"noopener\">True threats<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/defamation.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Defamation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/first-amendment-limits--obscenity.html\">Obscenity<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Child pornography<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Whether the material is obscene turns on tests that have been established and revised over time by the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<p>In 1973, the Court established the current standard for obscenity. It did so in <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/413\/15.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Miller v. California<\/i><\/a>. A determination of obscenity under the Miller test depends on whether the average person finds that the material as a whole:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Appeals to prurient interests according to contemporary adult community standards<\/li>\n<li>Depicts or describes sex or sexual conduct in a patently offensive manner according to contemporary adult community standards<\/li>\n<li>Lacks serious artistic, political, literary, or scientific value<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Court has <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/354\/476.html\" rel=\"noopener\">described<\/a> prurient interest as \u201ca shameful or morbid interest in nudity, sex, or excretion.\u201d And it has defined material appealing to prurient interests as that which tends \u201cto excite lustful thoughts.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Child pornography, on the other hand, doesn\u2019t need to meet obscenity standards to be considered child pornography.<\/p>\n<h2>What Does the First Amendment Have to Do with Child Pornography?<\/h2>\n<p>In general, pornography refers to sexually explicit or erotic material. And it\u2019s generally protected by the First Amendment unless it is obscene or involves children.<\/p>\n<p>Evolving terminology acknowledges that sexually explicit materials depicting children should be classified as sexual abuse materials. Furthermore, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/d9\/2023-06\/child_sexual_abuse_material_2.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Justice<\/a> and victim advocacy organizations like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rainn.org\/news\/what-child-sexual-abuse-material-csam\" rel=\"noopener\">RAINN<\/a> have begun to call child pornography &#8220;child sexual abuse material.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Beginning in 1982, the Supreme Court recognized that the First Amendment should not protect child sexual abuse materials (child pornography) as free speech.<\/p>\n<h3>New York v. Ferber<\/h3>\n<p>In 1982, the Supreme Court established that the First Amendment doesn\u2019t protect child pornography. The <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/458\/747.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>New York v. Ferber<\/i><\/a> case described child pornography as photos or recordings that visually depict minors engaged in sex acts or exposure of their genitals.<\/p>\n<p>The Court reasoned that children\u2019s participation in producing such materials exploits and harms them. The state has an interest in protecting children\u2019s psychological and physical well-being, so the state may ban the use of minors for such purposes.<\/p>\n<p>States may also ban the distribution, exhibition, and advertisement of child pornography. This is necessary for the state to protect the children fully.<\/p>\n<p>The Court explained there\u2019s no need for a legal case-by-case analysis in child pornography matters because \u201cthe evil to be restricted so overwhelmingly outweighs the expressive interests, if any, at stake.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>However, the Court did caution that child pornography is a form of expression. Therefore, restrictions must carefully and clearly define prohibited conduct. Likewise, the reach of any child pornography law must be limited to the visual depiction of sex acts by children under a certain age.<\/p>\n<p>The Court\u2019s decision was unanimous. But several Justices wrote concurring opinions. Justice Brennan\u2019s concurrence argued that material with serious scientific, educational, or literary value should be exempted. <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/legal-commentary\/justice-sandra-day-oconnors-twenty-years-on-the-supreme-court-1.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Justice O\u2019Connor<\/a> contended that such material shouldn\u2019t be exempted.<\/p>\n<h3>Osborne v. Ohio<\/h3>\n<p>In 1990, the Court reviewed a state law criminalizing private viewing or private possession of child pornography. <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/495\/103.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Osborne v. Ohio<\/i><\/a> dealt with someone found to have child pornography in their home.<\/p>\n<p>The Court had earlier determined in <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/394\/557.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Stanley v. Georgia<\/i><\/a> that the government can\u2019t restrict the possession of obscene material in the privacy of one\u2019s home. However, the <i>Osborne<\/i> Court raised an important distinction between child pornography and obscenity.<\/p>\n<p>The opinion explained that the state&#8217;s interest in protecting children was far greater than its \u201cpaternalistic interest\u201d in protecting adult minds from obscenity. As a result, the Court upheld the Ohio law.<\/p>\n<h2>Children\u2019s Access to Sexually Explicit Material<\/h2>\n<p>The rationales for prohibiting child pornography are different from the state\u2019s interest in protecting minors from exposure or access to sexually explicit material.<\/p>\n<p>The Court has recognized the state\u2019s compelling interest in protecting children from exposure to indecent or obscene material. However, the Court has repeatedly <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/518\/727.html\" rel=\"noopener\">affirmed<\/a> that blanket restrictions on material that\u2019s obscene for children but not adults are constitutionally suspect. This is because such restrictions burden the adults\u2019 First Amendment rights.<\/p>\n<h3>Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union<\/h3>\n<p>In the landmark 1997 <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/521\/844.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)<\/i><\/a> matter, the Court struck down some provisions of the federal <a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/law-library\/the-communications-decency-act-a-primer-for-employers.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Communications Decency Act<\/a>. One provision banned \u201cinteractive computer service\u201d used to show indecent content \u201cin a manner available\u201d to minors.<\/p>\n<p>This prohibition essentially banned all indecent material from all sites except those that limited access to adults. This restriction was intended to prevent children\u2019s exposure and access to harmful expression or speech, but it burdened the First Amendment rights of adults.<\/p>\n<p>So, it won\u2019t be permitted if less restrictive means, that are at least as effective, are available. As the <i>Reno<\/i> Court held, the government may not &#8220;reduce the adult population&#8221; to only what is fit for children.<\/p>\n<p>Congress later passed the Child Online Protection Act (COPA). COPA prohibited websites designed to generate a profit from posting \u201cmaterial that is harmful to minors.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>ACLU v. Reno<\/h3>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-3rd-circuit\/1434066.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>ACLU v. Reno<\/i><\/a>, the Third U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reviewed a First Amendment challenge to COPA.\u00a0It held that COPA\u2019s harmful-to-minors standard posed an unconstitutional burden on protected speech.<\/p>\n<p>This is because the standard was based on contemporary community standards. However, websites can\u2019t restrict access based on visitors&#8217; locations. Thus, adhering to COPA meant that websites would have to base their content on the community&#8217;s standards most likely to be offended by it.<\/p>\n<h3>Ashcroft v. ACLU<\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court later vacated and remanded the Third Circuit\u2019s <i>ACLU v. Reno<\/i> decision in <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/535\/564.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Ashcroft v. ACLU<\/i><\/a>. The nation&#8217;s highest court reviewed COPA\u2019s reliance on community standards for evaluating whether content is harmful to minors. The Court held that reliance alone didn\u2019t mean COPA was substantially overbroad for First Amendment purposes.<\/p>\n<h3>United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group<\/h3>\n<p>Also, in 2000, the Supreme Court decided\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/529\/803.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group<\/i><\/a>. In this case, the Court reviewed a federal <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/content-and-viewpoint-based-regulation-of-speech.html\">content-based<\/a> restriction. The legislation aimed to safeguard minors from exposure to specific content due to cable TV signal bleed.<\/p>\n<p>The Court applied strict scrutiny and invalidated the law. It reasoned, \u201cEven upon the assumption that the government has an interest in substituting itself for informed and empowered parents, its interest is not sufficiently compelling to justify this widespread restriction on speech.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition<\/h3>\n<p>In 2002, the Court reviewed provisions of the federal Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 (CPPA). In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/535\/234.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Ashcroft, Attorney General, et al. v. Free Speech Coalition<\/i><\/a>, the Court determined that the Act\u2019s ban on pictures that weren\u2019t produced with actual children was unconstitutional. The Act prohibited:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Computer-generated child pornography<\/li>\n<li>Paintings with child pornography<\/li>\n<li>Pornographic pictures of adults who appeared to be children<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Justice Kennedy delivered the <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/majority-opinion.html\" rel=\"noopener\">majority opinion<\/a> of the Court, joined by Justices Stevens, Souter, Breyer, and Ginsburg.<\/p>\n<p>The Court explained that prohibitions on child pornography that depict actual minors are constitutional. This is because they restrict the expression&#8217;s production, not the content. Conversely, the CPPA targeted content.<\/p>\n<p>Still, the state sought to justify the restrictions. It claimed pedophiles could encourage children to engage in sex acts by showing them the prohibited materials. They also suggested that the prohibited materials might whet the pedophiles\u2019 sexual appetite and increase the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children.<\/p>\n<p>The Court rejected these arguments. It reasoned that the state can\u2019t \u201cconstitutionally premise legislation on the desirability of controlling a person\u2019s private thoughts\u201d or \u201cprohibit speech because it increases the chance an unlawful act will be committed\u201d at some unknown future time.<\/p>\n<p>The state also tried to rationalize the prohibition on virtual child pornography. It contended that technological advances make it difficult to distinguish between content that uses actual minors and content that doesn\u2019t.<\/p>\n<p>The Court struck down this argument with a fundamental First Amendment principle: \u201cThe Government may not suppress lawful speech as a means to suppress unlawful speech.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><i>Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition<\/i> also illustrated another key point. Otherwise, obscene material with serious political, scientific, literary, or artistic value is considered non-obscene expression protected by the First Amendment.<\/p>\n<p>However, child pornography with any such serious value will still be considered unprotected child pornography if the CPPA were upheld.<\/p>\n<p>For example, it would prohibit pictures in a medical journal. It would also prohibit documentaries depicting the horrors of sexual abuse of children and Oscar-winning movies like \u201cAmerican Beauty.\u201d It would even criminalize a \u201cRomeo and Juliet\u201d film that depicted teenage lovers\u2019 sexual activity.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices\/rehnquist.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Justices Rehnquist<\/a> and Scalia joined in a <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/dissenting-opinion.html\" rel=\"noopener\">dissenting opinion<\/a>. They contended the CPPA should be interpreted to apply only to those &#8220;computer-generated images that are virtually indistinguishable from real children engaged in sexually explicit conduct.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2>The PROTECT Act<\/h2>\n<p>In 2003, Congress passed the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act, codified at <a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure\/18-usc-sect-2252a\/\" rel=\"noopener\">18 U.S.C. \u00a7 2252A(a)(3)(B)<\/a>. The Act, in part, classified computer-generated child pornography as a form of prohibited child pornography even if it was produced without actual children.<\/p>\n<h3>United States v. American Library Association, Inc.<\/h3>\n<p>That same year, the Court decided <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/539\/194.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>United States v. American Library Association, Inc<\/i>.<\/a> In this case, the Court reviewed the <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/legal-commentary\/if-the-supreme-court-holds-that-public-libraries-cannot-require-software-filters-are-there-other-ways-to-protect-children-on-the-web.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Child Internet Protection Act<\/a> (CIPA). A <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/plurality-opinion.html\" rel=\"noopener\">plurality<\/a> of the Court reversed a district court\u2019s determination and upheld the federal statute.<\/p>\n<p>Essentially, CIPA required libraries that receive federal funding to provide its patrons with internet access to install certain filtering software. The required software had to both block access to child pornography and obscene material and also prevent children from accessing material harmful to them.<\/p>\n<p>The four-justice plurality held that CIPA didn\u2019t violate the First Amendment rights of adult patrons. It explained that public library internet access is neither a designated nor a traditional <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/public-forum.html\" rel=\"noopener\">public forum<\/a>. And strict scrutiny doesn\u2019t apply when evaluating the constitutionality of CIPA\u2019s filter requirement.<\/p>\n<h3>United States v. Williams<\/h3>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/553\/285.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>United States v. Williams<\/i><\/a>, the Court upheld the constitutionality of a pandering provision in the PROTECT Act. The provision in question criminalized knowingly promoting, soliciting, distributing, presenting, or advertising \u201cany material or purported material in a manner that reflects the belief, or that is intended to cause another to believe, that the material or purported material\u201d is child pornography.<\/p>\n<p>Williams solicited child pornography over the internet from an undercover law enforcement official. He was charged with pandering under the Act. The official had no actual child pornography. Williams claimed the First Amendment protected his actions.<\/p>\n<p>The Court rejected Williams\u2019 contention. It explained that propositions to engage in illegal transactions aren\u2019t entitled to First Amendment protection.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, advertising virtual child pornography as depicting actual children even though it doesn\u2019t is a violation of the Act. Accordingly, one who tries to solicit child pornography that doesn\u2019t actually exist is still engaging in punishable conduct that\u2019s excluded from First Amendment protection.<\/p>\n<p>These multi-faceted Supreme Court cases highlight some of the challenges associated with regulating child pornography. Likewise, restricting children\u2019s access to indecent material requires a delicate balance between adults\u2019 First Amendment rights and the state\u2019s compelling interest in protecting children.<\/p>\n<p>As we\u2019ve seen, our increasingly digital environment raises more considerations, threats, and rights that will undoubtedly continue to shape this body of case law.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text 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<\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Out of date\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"parent":30862,"menu_order":0,"template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticlePageController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":false,"_modified_date":"","_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false},"class_list":["post-30882","constitution","type-constitution","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution\/30882","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/constitution"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/constitution\/30862"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30882"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}