{"id":30870,"date":"2022-07-20T15:07:25","date_gmt":"2022-07-20T20:07:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/constitution\/amendment1\/annotation13.html"},"modified":"2022-07-20T15:07:25","modified_gmt":"2022-07-20T20:07:25","slug":"annotation13","status":"publish","type":"constitution","link":"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/annotation13.html","title":{"rendered":"Non-Financial Constitutional Issues Concerning Religion: Trump v. Hawaii"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7  fl-block-columns fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles   fl-block-column fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Non-Financial Constitutional Issues Concerning Religion: Trump v. Hawaii<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw Staff<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/laura-temme-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Temme, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            July 20, 2022\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <h2>\n            <button tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\"><\/i>\n                Legally Reviewed\n            <\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\" rel=\"noopener\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <h2>\n            <button tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\"><\/i>\n                Fact-Checked\n            <\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\" rel=\"noopener\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>The Congressional Research Service, a segment of the Library of Congress, regularly releases a document entitled&nbsp;<i>The Constitution of the United States: Analysis and Interpretation<\/i>.&nbsp;FindLaw\u2019s attorney writers and editors have divided this robust document into smaller sections and provided answers to frequently asked questions about constitutional law.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In Trump v. Hawaii, the Supreme Court had to decide whether President Donald Trump&#8217;s ban on the entry of immigrants from certain countries amounted to a ban based on religion. Many noted that the policy intended to limit the number of Muslims entering the United States, but the Trump administration claimed the countries were identified as high terrorism risks. This is a unique issue when it comes to religious freedom, as it does not deal with government funds being either given to or withheld from religious institutions.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>The Trump Administration&#8217;s &#8220;Muslim Ban&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p><b style=\"background-color: transparent\">United States Library of Congress,<i> The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p>An entirely different standard governs the constitutionality of a President&#8217;s\u00a0national security directive regulating the entry of aliens abroad\u00a0that is\u00a0facially neutral toward religion,\u00a0as the Court held in\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/17-965.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump v. Hawaii<\/a><\/i>.<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The plaintiffs in that case sought a preliminary injunction against a presidential proclamation that suspended or restricted the entry of foreign nationals from specified countries, arguing, in relevant part, that the proclamation\u00a0was issued for the unconstitutional purpose of excluding Muslims.<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>While the text of the document was facially neutral, restricting entry on the basis of national origin, the plaintiffs highlighted\u00a0a series of statements by the President and his advisors\u00a0suggesting that the President had intended to target immigration of Muslims.<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0The Court held that the proper standard to evaluate this Establishment Clause claim was the\u00a0circumscribed judicial inquiry\u00a0prescribed\u00a0when the denial of a visa allegedly burdens the constitutional rights of a U. S. citizen.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Under this standard, the Court would consider\u00a0whether the entry policy [was] plausibly related to the Government&#8217;s stated objective to protect the country and improve vetting processes,\u00a0and the plaintiffs&#8217;\u00a0extrinsic evidence\u00a0would not render the policy unconstitutional\u00a0so long as [the policy could] reasonably be understood to result from a justification independent of unconstitutional grounds.<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0Under this lenient standard, the Court upheld the proclamation, concluding that the plaintiffs had\u00a0not demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits of their constitutional claim.<sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><b>Footnotes:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 585 U.S. No. 17-965, slip op. at 29 (2018).<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i>Id.<\/i>\u00a0at 24.<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i>Id.<\/i>\u00a0at 26.<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i>Id.<\/i>\u00a0at 30. The Court cited\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/408\/753.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Kleindienst v. Mandel<\/a><\/i>, a case in which American citizens who wished to receive the speech of a foreign national challenged the denial of the speaker&#8217;s visa under the First Amendment.\u00a0408 U.S. 753, 756\u201357 (1972).<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i>Hawaii<\/i>,\u00a0slip op. at 32.<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i>Id.<\/i>\u00a0at 38.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n          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